COMPLICATIONS: SPASTICITY: REFERENCES

Andary MT, Green DF, Hulce VD and Pysh JJ. Spinal myoclonus complicating spasticity in spinal cord injury: a case study. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1997 78(9):1007-9 Sep.

Aydin G, Tomruk S, Keles I, Demir SO and Orkun S. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation versus baclofen in spasticity: clinical and electrophysiologic comparison. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005 84(8):584-92 Aug.

Barbeau H and Norman KE. The effect of noradenergic drugs on the recovery of walking after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2003 41(3):137-43 Mar.

Barolat G, Singh-Sahni K, Staas WE Jr, Shatin D, Ketcik B and Allen K. Epidural spinal cord stimulation in the management of spasms in spinal cord injury: a prospective study. Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery 1995 64(3):153-64.

Bohannon RW. Tilt table standing for reducing spasticity after spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1993 74(10):1121-2 Oct.

Botte MJ, Abrams RA and Bodine-Fowler SC. Treatment of acquired muscle spasticity using phenol peripheral nerve blocks. Orthopedics 1995 18(2):151-9 Feb.

Cardenas DD, Ditunno J, Graziani V, Jackson AB, Lammertse D, Potter P, Sipski M, Cohen R and Blight AR. Phase 2 trial of sustained-release fampridine in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2007 45(2):158-68 Feb.

Chartier-Kastler E, Azouvi P, Yakovleff A, Bussel B, Richard F and Denys P. Intrathecal catheter with subcutaneous port for clonidine test bolus injection. A new route and type of treatment for detrusor hyperreflexia in spinal cord-injured patients. European Urology 2000 37(1):14-7 Jan.

Dicpinigaitis PV, Grimm DR and Lesser M. Baclofen-induced cough suppression in cervical spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2000 81(7):921-3 Jul.

Frisbie JH and Aguilera EJ. Diazepam and body weight in myelopathy patients. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 1995 18(3):200-2 Jul.

Fung J and Barbeau H. Effects of conditioning cutaneomuscular stimulation on the soleus H-reflex in normal and spastic paretic subjects during walking and standing. Journal of Neurophysiology 1994 72(5):2090-104 Nov.

Goulet C, Arsenault AB, Bourbonnais D, Laramee MT and Lepage Y. Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on H-reflex and spinal spasticity. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1996 28(3):169-76 Sep.

Gruenthal M, Mueller M, Olson WL, Priebe MM, Sherwood AM and Olson WH. Gabapentin for the treatment of spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1997 35(10):686-9 Oct.

Halter JA, Blight AR, Donovan WH and Calvillo O. Intrathecal administration of 4-aminopyridine in chronic spinal injured patients. Spinal Cord 2000 38(12): 728-32 Dec.

Hassan NF, Nasser I and Bennett MM. Increased spasticity in a chronic spinal cord injury patient after scabies infestation: a case report. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1997 78(12):1384-5 Dec.

Khorasani A and Peruzzi WT. Dantrolene treatment for abrupt intrathecal baclofen withdrawal. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995 80(5):1054-6 May.

Koyama H, Murakami K, Suzuki T and Suzaki K. Phenol block for hip flexor muscle spasticity under ultrasonic monitoring. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1992 73(11):1040-3 Nov.

Lee A and Patterson V. A double-blind study of L-threonine in patients with spinal spasticity. Acta Neurolgica 1993 88(5):334-8 Nov.

Lewis KS and Mueller WM. Intrathecal baclofen for severe spasticity secondary to spinal cord injury. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 1993 27(6):767-74 Jun.

Mahoney JS, Engebretson JC, Cook KF, Hart KA, Robinson-Whelen S and Sherwood AM. Spasticity experience domains in persons with spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007 88(3):287-94 Mar.

Middleton JW, Siddall PJ, Walker S, Molloy AR and Rutkowski SB. Intrathecal clonidine and baclofen in the management of spasticity and neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury: a case study. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996 77(8):824-6 Aug.

Nance PW. A comparison of clonidine, cyproheptadine and baclofen in spastic spinal cord injured patients. Journal of the American Paraplegia Society 1994 17(3):150-6 Jul.

Nance PW, Bugaresti J, Shellenberger K, Sheremata W and Martinez-Arizala A. Efficacy and safety of tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury. North America Tizanidine Study Group. Neurology 1994 44(11 Suppl 9):S44-51; discussion S51-2 Nov.

Potter PJ, Hayes KC, Segal JL, Hseih JT, Brunnemann SR, Delaney GA, Tierney DS and Mason D.  Randomized double-blind crossover trial of fampridine-SR (sustained release 4-aminopyridine) in patients  with incomplete spinal cord injury.  Journal of Neurotrauma 1998 15(10):837-49 Oct.

Priebe MM, Sherwood AM, Graves DE, Mueller M and Olson WH. Effectiveness of gabapentin in controlling spasticity: a quantitative study. Spinal Cord 1997 35(3):171-5 Mar.

Rivas DA, Chancellor MB, Hill K, and Freedman MK. Neurological manifestations of baclofen withdrawal. Journal of Neurology 1993 150(6):1903-5 Dec.

Rosenblum D. Clonidine-induced bradycardia in patients with spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine & rehabilitation 1993 74(11):1206-7 Nov.

Segal JL and Brunnemann SR.  4-Aminopyridine alters gait characteristics and enhances locomotion in spinal cord injured humans.  Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 1998 21(3):200-4 Jul.

Segal JL, Hayes KC, Brunnemann SR, Hsieh JT, Potter PJ, Pathak MS, Tierney DS and Mason D. Absorption characteristics of sustained-release 4-aminopyridine (fampridine SR) in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2000 40(4):402-9 Apr.

Segal JL, Pathak MS, Hernandez JP, Himber PL, Brunnemann SR and Charter RS. Safety and efficacy of 4-aminopyridine in humans with spinal cord injury: a long-term, controlled trial. Pharmacotherapy 1999 19(6):713-23 Jun.

Segal JL, Thompson JF and Tayek JA. Effects of long-term 4-aminopyridine therapy on glucose tolerance and glucokinetics in patients with spinal cord injury. Pharmacotherapy 2007 Jun 27(6):789-92.

Seib TP, Price R, Reyes MR and Lehmann JF. The quantitative measurement of spasticity: effect of cutaneous electrical stimulation. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1994 75(7):746-50 Jul.

Skold C. Spasticity in spinal cord injury: self- and clinically rated intrinsic fluctuations and intervention-induced changes. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2000 81(2):144-9 Feb.

Taricco M, Adone R, Pagliacci C and Telaro E. Pharmacological interventions for spasticity following spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005 3 00075320.

Wolfe DL, Hayes KC, Hsieh JT and Potter PJ. Effects of 4-aminopyridine on motor evoked potentials in patients with spinal cord injury: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Journal of Neurotrauma 2001 18(8):757-71 Aug.

The Complications site of the PoinTIS Spinal Cord Medicine site of the SCI Manual for Providers is based on information in Spinal Cord Injury; Medical Management and Rehabilitation, G.M. Yarkony, ed., Gaithersburg, MD, Aspen Publishers, 1994, except for information where other papers are cited and the Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine at the PVA(Paralyzed Veterans of America) site for Autonomic dysreflexia and Thromboembolism.